surgery. Treatment varies depending on the type and stage of cancer, but still the operation is the first choice for most tumors. The majority of operations are less disfiguring than the radical mastectomy, the standard until the 1970s. Operations for breast cancer are Extended radical mastectomy, the removal of the breast, underarm lymph nodes, breast and underlying muscles. This procedure, which is now rare, is for women with large tumors, or the invasion of the chest and his muscles, connective tissue. If the chest lymph nodes deep in the chest, they are also removed. modified radical mastectomy is the removal of the breast, underarm lymph nodes and sometimes part of the chest muscles. The amount of tissue from the underarm depends on the spread of the tumor. This is remains the most common surgery for women with invasive breast cancer. Total or simple mastectomy is the removal of the entire breast, including the extensions of the armpit, and a few times near the collarbone. Because the lymph nodes remain intact, radiotherapy usually follows the operation.

Subcutaneous mastectomy with removal of the breast tissue, with the skin and nipple preserved. A prosthesis is then slipped under the skin to restore normal appearance. This procedure is rarely performed, because they miss cancer cells and the cosmetic results are often poor. Lumpectomy or partial mastectomy, the removal of the unique environment of cancer and a margin of normal tissue. Some of the axillary lymph nodes are also examined and found to be, and the operation is conducted, followed by radiotherapy. Preventive, or prophylactic, mastectomy is the removal of the breast to prevent the development of cancer. This operation is only allowed if a woman has a very high risk of breast cancer and is so concerned about the prospect that they can not live a normal life. Breast reconstruction by a plastic surgeon can sometimes immediately after a mastectomy, but often it is the original cut has healed. If the opposite of the chest is bigger, it can be in size, to the reconstruction, either at the same time as the reconstruction or in a subsequent operation. In the past, a prosthetic implant filled with silicone gel was the first choice for reconstruction. Since, there are questions about the long-term safety of silicone, are now many women are for implants with a saline solution or a more extensive procedure in which the fat woman's buttocks or elsewhere is a chest.

Radiation Therapy. The purpose of this treatment is all to destroy cancer cells that have escaped surgical removal. Radiation is routinely after a simple mastectomy and a lumpectomy, or if many lymph nodes are affected. It is also responsible for recurrent or inoperable cancer, and to alleviate the pain of advanced cancer. Normally started radiation treatments, two or three weeks after the surgery, or after the scar has healed and the woman has regained use of her arm. Immediate side effects include blistering of the skin and fatigue. Later, the skin, the rays darker, thicker, and the lack of sensitivity, when all the nerve endings were damaged. Long-term complications can affect lung function through scar tissue, an increased risk for heart disease, and simple fractures of the ribs. Chemotherapy. Studies suggest that adjuvant chemotherapy increased long-term survival, even for women with localized stage I cancer.

Chemotherapy before surgery can begin, but there is usually a few weeks later. This treatment is also prescribed for recurrent or inoperable cancer. Chemotherapy seems to be most effective in the prevention of recurrence in younger women who have not gone through the menopause. The side effects hair loss, nausea, reduced immunity to infection, mouth sores, fatigue, bleeding, and problems are temporary, but still tried very hard. For this reason, chemotherapy can not be recommended for an older woman, especially if their cancer is localized. Hormone therapy. Cancer experts now believe that almost all breast cancer patients benefit from hormone therapy, even if their tumors are not the type of estrogen stimulated or progs Teron. Thmoxifen (Nolvadex), a drug that blocks estrogen, is the treatment of choice. It has fewer side effects than anti-cancer drugs, although it can cause hot flashes and other menopausal symptoms in younger women. Other more radical approaches to hormonal manipulation including ovarian ablation, a procedure in which it is either the ovaries surgically removed or destroyed by chemicals or radiation, and perhaps even the elimination of other hormone-producing glands.

Experimental treatments

Women with advanced breast cancer may be candidates for experimental therapies such as hyperthermia, in which very high fever triggered to kill cancer cells, photodynamic therapy, with a light-sensitive drugs against cancer and bone marrow transplantation in which the female bone marrow destroyed by drugs and then by healthy bone marrow to strengthen the body's ability to fight cancer.

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